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"Verso
una Società dell’Informazione inclusiva". Discorso
del Commissario europeo per la Società dell’Informazione Erkki
Liikanen tenuto a Helsinki il 23 novembre in occasione della
sessione plenaria dell’ Information Society Forum dell'Unione
europea.
Documenti di sintesi dei coordinatori dei cinque
Gruppi di lavoro per il Piano di Azione dell'Italia
- Gruppo 1, Infrastrutture
di rete e tecnologie
- Gruppo 2, Occupazione,
tecnologie e organizzazione industriale,
forme del lavoro e figure professionali
- Gruppo 3, Alfabetizzazione
informatica, formazione, tecnologie della didattica e della
ricerca
- Gruppo 4, Internet,
servizi e contenuti multimediali
- Gruppo 5, Pubbliche
Amministrazioni e servizi in rete
- Centro di coordinamento e attività per gli enti
territoriali
OECD
Forum on Electronic Commerce. Declaration by the Italian
Delegation
Contribution on the Activities for the
Development of the Information Society presented by the Italian
Delegation
OECD - Forum on
Electronic Commerce
ICCP
Meetings
COMMERCIO
ELETTRONICO:
PROPOSTA DI
DIRETTIVA EUROPEA
PRESIDENZA DEL CONSIGLIO DEI MINISTRI
DIPARTIMENTO PER IL COORDINAMENTO DELLE POLITICHE
COMUNITARIE
UFFICIO MERCATO INTERNO
OGGETTO: PROPOSTA DI DIRETTIVA RELATIVA A TALUNI
ASPETTI GIURIDICI DEL COMMERCIO ELETTRONICO NEL MERCATO INTERNO
IL Consiglio Mercato
Interno del 21 giugno 1999 ha valutato i progressi compiuti nei
lavori sulla proposta di direttiva in oggetto.
La proposta è volta ad
istituire un quadro giuridico coerente per lo sviluppo del commercio
elettronico nell’ambito del mercato unico. Essa si basa su varie
altre iniziative e le completa (direttiva "trasparenza", protezione
dei dati personali, protezione giuridica dei servizi di accesso
condizionato, firme elettroniche). L’insieme di questi strumenti
consentirà di eliminare i rimanenti ostacoli giuridici alla
fornitura di servizi per via elettronica, ottimizzando così i
vantaggi del commercio elettronico, sia per i cittadini che per
l’industria nell’UE soprattutto le PMI.
La Commissione Europea
propone di migliorare la coerenza del quadro giuridico per lo
sviluppo del commercio elettronico:
chiarendo l’applicazione
dei principi chiave del mercato interno (libertà di stabilimento
dei prestatori e libera circolazione dei servizi) ai servizi della
società dell’informazione; il principio fondamentale è che tali
servizi possano essere forniti in tutta l’UE se essi rispettano la
legislazione del proprio Paese d’origine;
completando la normativa
comunitaria vigente con l’ulteriore armonizzazione di alcuni
aspetti giuridici specifici correlati a tali servizi, concernenti
in particolare:
comunicazioni
commerciali
conclusione di
contratti on-line
responsabilità degli
intermediari
applicazione del quadro
giuridico.
Queste misure intendono
eliminare tutti gli ostacoli giuridici risultanti dalla divergenza o
dalla sovrapposizione delle normative degli Stati Membri e garantire
così, insieme all’acquis già esistente, la libera prestazione dei
servizi on-line all’interno dell’Unione.
Le delegazioni hanno in
generale accolto positivamente l’iniziativa dell’esecutivo
comunitario.
Tutti gli Stati Membri si
sono espressi a favore dell’istituzione di un quadro normativo
chiaro per il commercio elettronico a livello comunitario e
sostengono l’applicazione dei principi del mercato interno. Per
quanto riguarda il contenuto specifico della proposta, molte
delegazioni stanno ancora definendo la loro posizione
definitiva.
A NEW EUROPEAN SOCIAL AGENDA:
A PROPOSAL FOR ACTION FROM THE BRITISH AND ITALIAN
GOVERNMENTS
Europe faces a new challenge:
how to combine an inclusive society, fairness and social
protection with an economy which is dynamic, productive, creates
new jobs and meets the challenges of an increasingly global
economy.
The British and Italian governments
commit themselves jointly to developing a new European social
agenda, offering jobs and opportunities for all and a genuinely
inclusive society. Fundamental to this approach is that social
cohesion and social inclusion will be promoted by economic reforms
of our labour, product and capital markets. In addition the social
agenda should be developed through:
A Ending social exclusion
- developing guidelines for member
states' treatment of social exclusion, building on best practice
and joint work underway, and encouraging national policy
measures to help the excluded back into employment;
- stimulating an EU wide debate on how
best to combat different forms of exclusion, drawing on
experience in the private sector and voluntary sector.
B Equality of opportunity for all
European citizens in the EU labour market. We need to fight all
types of discrimination.
- racial discrimination;
- sexual discrimination;
- age discrimination, developing an
active ageing agenda;
- discrimination against the disabled.
This process should be done by
mainstreaming anti-discrimination policies. Where legislation is
needed to achieve these objectives, it should be developed in a
light but effective way.
Europe's society must be mobile; all
European citizens should be equipped to take advantages of job
opportunities through the union. We must:
- encourage student mobility,
particularly in the scientific sector;
- remove remaining barriers to mutual
recognition of qualifications;
- establish weather further
significant barriers exist which need to be addressed by common
action.
C A knowledge based society Member
states need to make a new commitment to knowledge and
innovation, working together to:
- encourage a culture change in our
societies to ensure that we foster a more innovative knowledge
based economy through:
-a greater emphasis on innovation
and entrepreneurship, particularly among the young, in all
relevant Community programmes including structural funds,
Socrates, Leonardo, Youth etc;
-developing familiarity with the
electronic economy by putting all schools on the Internet,
developing links between business schools and strengthening
partnership between industry and local
communities;
- promote a society of lifelong
learning, which is the key to economic success and to an
inclusive, cohesive and dynamic society. In the competitive,
global economy of today, that means:
-better access to education and
training and higher levels of attainment;
-investment in young people so that
more continue to study; -learning in the workplace;
-a learning society in which
everyone expects to learn and upgrade skills throughout
life.
- improve our research efforts,
focusing on better links between pure and applied research, and
the spin-off of new ideas into successful businesses;
- use best practice and benchmarking
to draw on the most effective experience of each member state
which others can draw upon to develop appropriate national
policies.
D More focused employment
policy
- evaluating more rigorously the
impact of social and other policies on employment, including the
interaction of tax and benefit systems, for instance through the
Employment Guidelines and in the general framework of the
Employment pact signed at Cologne; assessing the contribution of
social policies to delivering social inclusion through more job
opportunities, their effectiveness within the member states and
potential value added at the EU level;
- in particular, we will establish a
joint study of our respective experience of policies for welfare
to work, establishing agreed criteria for measuring their
success.
The commission has a vital role in all
the above areas in developing strategy, acting as a catalyst, and
focussing with Member States on common social policy problems, and
similarly in medium term social priorities.
- we have to consider how to ensure that
with an ageing population the public sector financial demands of
pensions and other social protection systems remain within member
states financing possibilities. All Member States face this
problem, yet with national differences. A Commission study on how
member states plan to fund national pension provision in 2020
would be a useful focus for this debate:
- we similarly need to consider the
continuing impact of globalisation and the effects of EMU and of
the continuing integration of international financial markets in
unifying access to private pension provision both in terms of the
range of policies available and also savings opportunities open to
national investors.
- we must be clear about the principles
underlying affordable and effective tax and benefit systems.
- We look forward to continuing dialogue
with the Commission and other member states in the months ahead in
support of the objective we all share. While we benefit from the
market economy we must never become a market society and we must
ensure that social inclusion and social justice remain hallmarks
of European civilisation.
Cabinet Office
8th July 1999
Dal Corriere della Sera, 8 dicembre, pag. 19
"Internet mi ha
ridato la voce e la vita"
Paolo, paralizzato di 23 anni: col
computer fa progetti nella Rete e parla con tutto il mondo
CASTELFRANCO VENETO
(Treviso) - Paolo Berro apre e chiude finestre, dalla mattina alla
sera. E costruisce macchine, progetta ponti, guida gli amici per le
"piste nere" da sci. Tutto ciò fa a Castelfranco Veneto e a Los
Angeles, a Torino e a Melbourne, Australia. Eppure, a 23 anni, Paolo
è una pietra: morto, dalle spalle in giù. Non può grattarsi,
sollevare un dito, fare pipì senza che un altro lo aiuti con il
catetere. In un pomeriggio d'autunno sta qui, sulla sua sedia a
rotelle davanti al computer. C'è un grande silenzio, nel salotto di
casa. "Apri finestra, chiudi finestra – dice rapidissimo Paolo, nel
microfono che gli sta accanto alle labbra - mouse a destra, mouse a
sinistra, vai su, vai giù...". Si sente solo la sua voce, un po'
imperiosa e un po' affettuosa. La freccetta balena, lo schermo si
apre, la freccetta galoppa sulle autostrade di Internet. "Ecco
-mormora Paolo - ora ci sono dentro". E "dentro" è appunto Los
Angeles, le università americane, le aziende che richiedono i
progetti di Paolo per gli aiuti agli handicappati, le case di
centinaia dinuovi amici, i videogiochi di sci o il Politecnico di
Torino, dove Paolo frequenta in videoconferenza - primo studente in
Italia - il terz'anno di ingegneria meccanica.
Questa è una storia senza
lacrime. O almeno, senza lacrime che appaiano: "Mai pianto tutti
insieme - dicono Giorgio e Maria Teresa, i genitori di Paolo che
hanno lasciato il lavoro per stargli vicino - quando a uno di noi
scappa da piangere, va nell'altra stanza e chiude la porta". Viene
un amico, uno dei tanti, accetta un goccio di vino e lo offre a
Paolo: "No - ride lui, scolpito sulla carrozzella - no grazie, sennò
mi cascano le gambe". Sorride spesso: "Prima, ero sempre
felice.
Oggi, ringrazio di essere
così: di non non esserci". Però "prima", fino al 2 maggio 1998, lui
era un campioncino di sci, 1 metro e 86 di muscoli mai fermi. Il 2
maggio, vicino a casa, un banale incidente d'auto. Sono i genitori a
ritrovare Paolo: "Bello come il sole - ricorda la mamma – senza un
graffio, come addormentato". Ma aveva una vertebra lussata, e una
rotta: "tetraplegia flaccida" una parolaccia che vuol dire diventar
di pietra. Paolo e i genitori tornarono a casa il 17 maggio '99,
dopo un anno e più negli ospedali. "Un miracolo, se si salva",
mormoravano i medici nei primi giorni: 23 spesi in fin di vita, i
polmoni spenti, una placca di titanio sulla trachea aperta e il
respiro che veniva su con il respiratore meccanico. "Pesavo 55
chili. Respiravo, con un palloncino che mi pompava l'aria dentro, ma
non parlavo. Poi, una boccata d'aria dal palloncino e una sillaba,
una boccata e una sillaba... Per 5 mesi". Finché una sera la madre
torna a casa, e suona il telefono: "Era lui. Mi soffiò nel
microfono: "ciao mamma, ti voglio bene", e fu come metterlo al mondo
un'altra volta".
Ma quello è solo l'inizio.
Un giorno, all'ospedale di Negrar, vicino a Verona, portano Paolo
davanti a un computer con il Dragon Dictate, un programma di
riconoscimento vocale: "E mi dicono che "lui"ha bisogno della mia
voce per funzionare. L'alternativa è spingere il mouse con la
fronte: una lettera alla volta, troppo lento. Così capisco che devo
sforzarmi: respirare sempre meglio, e ogni respiro una parola.
Voglio disperatamente comunicare con "lui" per utilizzare Internet e
parlare ai miei amici con le E-mail. E una mattina dico tutto d'un
fiato: "supercalifragilistichespiralidoso"".
Quella, la parola magica di
Mary Poppins, è il segno della vittoria: il computer ridà a Paolo la
voce, e Paolo dalle gambe morte è libero di galoppare in rete. Non
lo fermano più: in quello stesso ospedale, costruisce la sua prima
pagina Internet e poi l'archivio elettronico del reparto; poi le
pagine Web di amici vecchi e nuovi; poi fa le ricerche in rete per
altri amici; e i "viaggi" in tutto il mondo. Il resto è l'oggi:
sveglia alle 7, catetere; vestono Paolo, lo lavano: lui legge i
giornali in rete; e fa la fisioterapia in casa, "ma durante la
ginnastica statica mi guardo le lezioni al videoregistratore"; di
nuovo il catetere; il fax, le E-mail, il pranzo e il pomeriggio
ancora al computer, con la telecamera sul monitor per le lezioni
universitarie in teleconferenza; e il telefono che non smette mai di
suonare, ogni due minuti la mamma lo accosta all'orecchio di Paolo.
Le E-mail piovono a decine (indirizzo: grozio @hotmail.com); il sito
di Paolo riceve centinaia di visite
(http://utenti.tripod.it/grozio); qualche azienda chiede consiglio,
Paolo progetta una carrozzella elettronica, che ora sta per
brevettare in tutto il mondo. "Ho avuto tanto, grazie a Internet e
al computer. Se l'incidente fosse accaduto 5 anni fa, tutto sarebbe
stato diverso". Chissà, forse lo pensa: un tempo, lui sarebbe stato
al massimo come quei paralitici che dipingevano con la bocca o i
piedi. Invece "ho acquistato tanti amici, e la capacità di ascoltare
gli altri, e quella di conoscere meglio me stesso. Sì, ho avuto una
tragedia. Ma sinceramente sto bene anche così. E poi non ho tempo
per lamentarmi: con tutte le cose che ho da fare...".
Scende la sera, arriva
l'E-mail del "nonno multimediale", come lo chiama Paolo: è un
ingegnere di 71 anni, di Milano, si sono conosciuti in rete e un
giorno il "nonno" è venuto anche qui; poi "chiama" l'amico più caro
di Paolo che sta a New York; e da Palermo, uno studente di biologia
che ha dedicato a Paolo la sua tesi di laurea; e da Genova, un
pensionato che ogni sera gli manda un "pensierino da boy-scout"; e
poi Gilberto, un sordo e cieco paralizzato al volto; e una
ragazzache domanda consiglio per il fidanzato ammalato ("Paolo,
dimmelo tu, dove ho sbagliato?") e tanti altri che chiedono aiuto.
Molti, fra i disabili, sono gli stessi che vuole aiutare "Progetto
Insieme",
l'iniziativa patrocinata
dal "Corriere".
Ma lui, Paolo, che cosa
chiede? "Niente per me, sono servito come un re. Certo, avrei
bisogno di un voltapagine elettriche, ma costa oltre 5 milioni e non
voglio chiedere ancora ai miei che hanno già speso tanto. Per gli
altri sì, vorrei qualcosa: che le Usl "passino" a chi ne ha bisogno
la terapia a domicilio (io ce l'ho in via sperimentale); e che in
ogni comune ci sia un organismo politico-sociale cui possano
rivolgersi i disabili per avere informazioni sicure e soluzioni non
temporanee. Noi abbiamo trovato molte persone meravigliose, nelle
Usl e altrove: ma anche tante umiliazioni. Mio padre ha fatto 1000
chilometri in tre mesi, solo per la burocrazia, per avere le carte
giuste...".
Ora il viso è serio, ma
subito torna il sorriso: un nuovo messaggio lampeggia sullo
schermo.
"Vede? Non sto mai fermo,
io", ride il ragazzo dal corpo pietrificato.
Luigi Offeddu
Tratto da: www.repubblica.it
30 agosto: Internet
compie trent’anni
Era un sabato del 1969. All'University of
California at Los Angeles arriva un computer grande come un
frigorifero. Progettato per una nuova rete telematica... di
Franco Carlini
Il 30 agosto del 1969 era
un sabato. Per questo le strade di Los Angeles, dall’aereoporto al
campus universitario dell’Ucla (University of California at Los
Angeles), erano particolarmente tranquille e libere dal traffico.
Tanto più che il lunedì successivo sarebbe stata la festa del Labour
Day. Un piccolo gruppo di persone, tutte giovani, aspettava sulla
porta del dipartimento universitario: l’imballaggio arrivò
direttamente da Boston, fu scaricato con la dovuta dolcezza e
trasferito al terzo piano, stanza 3400.
Qui venne aperto -
era grande come un grande frigorifero - e i cavi elettrici furono
collegati. Da una parte della stanza c’era il nuovo arrivato, l’Imp,
Interface Message Processor, e dall’altro c’era un computer
dell’università, chiamato Sigma-7. Da quel momento i due
cominciarono a comunicare l’uno con l’altro: tutto l’hardware e il
software furiosamente progettati e collaudati negli ultimi mesi a
Boston e a Los Angeles funzionavano a dovere. Vint Cerf aveva
preparato una bottiglia di champagne e l’aprirono tutti insieme.
C’erano Steve Crocker, Jon Postel, Leonard Kleinrock, Mike Wingfield
e Ben Barker, che aveva accompagnato il processore da Boston.
Brindarono tranquillamente alla messa in opera del primo nodo della
rete Arpanet, la mamma dell’Internet che oggi milioni di persone
frequentano ogni giorno.
Trent’anni non sono pochi. Ma la
cosa singolare è che quella rete rimase confinata nel mondo della
ricerca e delle università per un periodo lunghissimo, circa 25
anni. Solo nel 1993 infatti essa cominciò a divenire popolare, di
massa, commerciale; oggetto di migliaia di articoli giornalistici,
scatenatrice di sogni e di illusioni.
Anche sulle sue
origini, peraltro, c’è discussione. Un punto di vista largamente
diffuso, fino a divenire un luogo comune, è che la rete Arpanet sia
figlia della guerra fredda: i militari americani avevano bisogno di
un sistema di comunicazione sicuro, capace di reggere e di tenere in
contatto i comandi strategici anche nel caso di guerra nucleare. Per
questo avrebbero finanziato quel progetto, attraverso l’agenzia Arpa
(Advanced Research Projects Agency).
Ma le cose non andarono
esattamente così, almeno a sentire i testimoni dell’epoca, ancora
oggi quasi tutti viventi. L’aspetto militare compare effettivamente
solo in uno studio della Rand Corporation, emesso da Paul Baran a
metà degli anni Sessanta. Ma la spinta originale a investire risorse
umane e finanziare in una rete di computer era un altro: si trattava
semplicemente di rendere più efficiente l’uso dei computer che
allora erano tutti molto grandi, molto costosi e tutti diversi l’uno
dall’altro.
Che bello sarebbe stato se un ricercatore di
Boston avesse potuto collegarsi dalla sua stanza con una macchina da
calcolo situata nello Utah e fare i suoi conti in maniera
interattiva, sia pure "da remoto". La ricostruzione di questo
dibattito si trova anche nel libro italiano "Internet Pinocchio e il
Gendarme" e un estratto è disponibile anche online
(http://www.totem.to/fac/arpanet.htm).
Gli ideatori di quel
progetto all’interno dell’Arpa furono soprattutto due, Rob Taylor e
Larry Roberts. Furono loro a stendere le specifiche del progetto e
per la pubblica gara che ebbe luogo nell’estate del 1968. Si
trattava di costruire un computer specializzato, un Imp appunto, che
svolgesse le funzioni di traduttore di messaggi tra la rete futura e
le singole macchine che a essa si sarebbero
affacciate.
Nell’occasione alcune delle grandi firme
dell’informatica sbagliarono clamorosamente le valutazioni. Sia la
Control Data Corporation che la grande Ibm ritennero che il progetto
fosse troppo ambizioso e che richiedesse comunque macchine molto
potenti, come un Ibm 360, un grande mainframe dell’epoca.
La
gara fu vinta invece da una piccola società di consulenza di
Cambridge nel Massachusetts, la Bbn, Bolton Beranek and Newman. Al
suo interno la squadra era guidata da Frank Heart e Robert Kahn, che
pilotavano un piccolo gruppo di softwaristi. L’hardware
specializzato venne realizzato dalla Honeywell, su indicazione della
Bbn. Contrariamente a quanto si potrebbe immaginare, dunque, il
lavoro iniziale di progettazione dell’Internet non fu californiano,
ma figlio della cultura tecnologia del Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
I primi otto mesi del 1969 furono tremendi, come
sempre accade quando il tempo di consegna si avvicina e il progetto
è completamente nuovo e difficile. La ricostruzione di quella
vittoriosa corsa contro il tempo è stata fatta, in gradevolissimo
stile narrativo, da due giornalisti americani, Katie Hafner e David
Lyon; è leggibile anche in italiano nel loro libro "La storia del
futuro. Le origini di Internet", Feltrinelli, Interzone.
Come
era forse inevitabile, quei protagonisti erano tanto bravi e
scatenati quanto assolutamente inconsapevoli di quello che stavano
innescando. Si trattava solo di far parlare una macchina lontana con
un’altra macchina lontana, sperimentando nell’occasione delle regole
di comunicazione fino ad allora inesplorate (la cosiddetta
"commutazione a pacchetto").
Ma presto loro stessi avrebbero
cominciato a usare la rete non solo per collegare dei computer, ma
per mettere in relazione delle persone. Quella che era stata
progettata come una tecnica si sarebbe rivelata un "medium" tutto
nuovo, alla portata di tutti e ben al di là dei laboratori
universitari.
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Address by Prime Minister Lionel Jospin at the
20th Summer Forum on Communication
Hourtin, August 26th, 1999
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I am very pleased to be with you
at Hourtin for this 20th Summer Forum on Communication. It
has been two years since our last meeting, held at this same
place, on August 25th, 1997. Those two years have been
characterized by a proactive policy on the part of this
Administration towards new information and communication
technologies. And those same two years have been marked by a
profound change: France's entry into the information
society. I would like to review what I see to be the
significance of that change for our country before I tell
you what our Administration's policy will be for the period
ahead.
As you know, two years ago,
France had fallen behind, a situation which is all the
more regrettable since there is no shortage in France of
ideas, technologies, entrepreneurs, nor skilled people.
France had much to offer in the areas of telecommunications,
digital television sets and set-top boxes, educational and
games software, security technologies - such as the smart
card -, animation, and computer-generated imagery. But at
the same time, there were many obstacles. The importance of
these technologies was not fully understood and there was a
lack of commitment on the part of the Government.
Much progress has been made in
the past two years. Today, the French people are
adopting the tools of the information society. Sales of
personal computers now outstrip television sales. Fifteen
million French men and women now own mobile telephones. And
though France is still somewhat behind in that area, use of
the Internet has grown spectacularly in the past six months
- by 45%, which justifies our prediction that we shall
rapidly close the gap. The information technology and
communications sector now accounts for 5% of GNP -more than
the tourist industry and as much as the automotive and
energy sectors combined. Thanks to their dynamism, our
companies in these sectors are now in fourth place overall
worldwide. So France has been making up for lost time over
the past two years. And in some areas - education and
technological innovation, for example - she has even moved
ahead.
This leap forward did not
happen on its own. It has drawn on the Administration's
proactive policy, a policy whose broad lines I laid down
for you here two years ago and which was concretized by an
ambitious program of action which we launched in January
1998. Major funding - nearly six billion francs - was
provided for this program.
The driving force thus
provided by the Administration was essential. We could
no longer afford to take a "wait and see" attitude. Relying
solely on the spontaneity of the market - which at that time
was lacking - would have been dangerous. The Government had
the responsibility of giving the signal for the start of a
vast collective endeavor.
That is true first of all
because this is a strategic sector, one that is a driving
force for growth. The center of gravity of economic
activity is shifting, so much so that some are referring to
the phenomenon as nothing less than a "new economy." Though
that may be something of an exaggeration, it refers to a
very real process of change, one of which our Administration
has understood the full measure. New professions are
emerging, and they must be mastered. Innovative products and
services are appearing, and they must be made available. The
functions of all businesses must evolve, from the design of
products through to their distribution to consumers. The
explosion of electronic commerce shows that clearly.
The contribution to
employment made by these sectors is crucial. And it is
employment for our young people that benefits most from it.
The information technology sector accounts for one quarter
of all the management personnel taken on during 1998. And I
am delighted to be able to say that France has the highest
proportion of young Internet users of any European country.
As a tool for widening their scope and for creativity, this
represents a superb opportunity for our young. One look at
the average age of the founders of "startup" companies and
developers of games and on-line services proves that.
Beyond this new economic reality,
what is at stake is even more profound. For this is a
sector that is shaping our very society. Information and
communication play an ever-growing role in our modern life.
They are a part of our freedom. Therefore they must
encourage cultural diversity, and not diminish it. That is
why the manner in which the development of the information
society is handled will be decisive. It is up to us to see
to it that the emerging communication arena is one of
democracy, solidarity, and pluralism.
From a broader perspective, I
feel that the impetus the Administration is giving to this
strategic sector is exemplary in showing what the role of
government can be in a market economy.
A modern government is a
farsighted government. Such a government uses its
resources to encourage anticipation, technological
awareness, and comprehension of the profound movements that
shape tomorrow's world. Research must have top priority in
this area. At the meeting of the Interministerial Committee
on scientific and technological research, last June 1st, we
decided to establish a coordinating committee for
information and communication science and technology. Its
job will be to bring the activities of our research
organizations and our higher education establishments closer
together. It will report on its findings and make proposals
this Autumn.
The goal of this effort of
anticipation is to see to it that the national community
benefits as fully as possible from the excellence of our
research in telecommunications and in certain
state-of-the-art areas of information technology. The report
on the technical development of the Internet presented in
June by Mr. Jean-François Abramatic to the Minister for
Industry, Mr. Christian Perret, has already thrown
invaluable light on this important issue. Our resources are
still insufficient in relation to the economic importance of
these technologies, and must be reinforced and better
oriented. France's delay - which is also Europe's delay -
can be caught up, and we can be among the leaders in
developing the second generation of the Internet. I can
announce that the next session of the Interministerial
Committee on the Information Society, which could be held at
the end of this year, will be devoted to this all-important
challenge.
A modern government is one
which can provide impetus without taking over from those who
play a role in society - citizens, associations,
businesses, and communities. The government supports their
efforts by providing the resources for them to act on their
own. And that is exactly what we are continuing to do at
this moment, working out charters between the government and
the regions, whose role it will be to contribute to the
balanced development of these technologies throughout
France.
A modern government is one
which sets an example. France's government is in the
process of becoming "electronic." In January we published
the directive making on-line forms usable for governmental
transactions. This year, almost a million taxpayers
calculated their income tax via the Internet. Since the
beginning of this summer, all public invitations to tender
are available on line. And we are continuing with this
policy of making the information that is most useful to our
private and corporate citizens available free on the
Internet. And I am very pleased to note that another Summer
Forum - the one held in Amsterdam - rated French sites
amongst the best public Web sites in European Union
countries.
A modern government is one
which assumes its responsibilities toward the functioning of
a market economy. One of those responsibilities, an
important one, is defining standards. And that is what we
have done. For example, last March, two directives made
effective the decision to raise the limit on free use of
cryptology to 128 bits, as a preliminary to complete freedom
of use, which will require a change at legislative level.
These decisions, as you know, are of vital importance
because they guarantee the confidentiality of message
exchanges and security for transactions.
A modern government is one
which guarantees the principles and represents the values
society has chosen for itself. Such a government ensures
that the values of freedom, equality, and solidarity are
respected in the digital community. The explosion of
information technology must not create a "digital divide."
The Internet must not feed new
inequalities in access to knowledge. It is the duty of
public service to ensure the balanced development of these
technologies throughout the country and equal access to all
the essential content distributed by these networks. Through
schools in particular, the Government can prevent
computer-illiteracy the modern equivalent of print
illiteracy. We are making the necessary resources available:
the proportion of our secondary schools connected to the
Internet is now one of the highest in the world, thanks to
the initiative taken by the Minister of Education, Research,
and Technology, Mr. Claude Allegre, with the support of
local communities. It is part of an overall policy which
includes training for teachers and production of multimedia
educational materials as well as equipment for schools. And
since mid-July, the base speed of RENATER, the educational
and research Internet access network, has been increased to
155 megabits per second.
A democratic Internet means a
less costly Internet. The effort led by the Administration
to bring Internet access rates into line has borne fruit. It
has resulted in the launching of several fixed-rate dial-up
service packages, including one from France Telecom,
available from August 1st. Internet access rates are now
lower in France than in the United Kingdom, Germany, and
Finland. Such favorable conditions, coupled with the
appearance of subscription-free Internet access services,
re-investment in cable networks and France-Telecom's launch
of an ADSL service, are encouraging the great dynamism of
France's Internet market. And the public consultation on
conditions of access to local networks, launched by the
telecommunications regulatory authority and continuing
through the end of the year, will inform future public
decisions.
The positive results of the last
two years encourage us to continue and to intensify our
efforts. Beyond what I have told you about research, let me
tell you about some other major areas we are working in.
We are actively preparing for
the electronic changeover to the year 2000. Since 1997,
this Administration has done everything possible to ensure
that this event will be met without disruption. Our country
is taking the challenge seriously: 50,000 computer
technicians have been working on the problem for the past
eighteen months, and the expenditure devoted to our
preparations represents more than one percent of the gross
national product. France now ranks among the best-prepared
industrialized countries. However, I would still like repeat
the warning to those in positions of responsibility - in
particular in very small companies - who still, wrongly,
feel that they are not concerned by the "Y2K bug."
The verifications now being made
concentrate on identifying malfunctions that may appear at
the moment of the changeover and in the days immediately
following it. Accompanying plans - including guarantee
measures - have been worked out by the public authorities.
We will take stock at the Cabinet meeting on September 22nd,
where the country's state of readiness has been placed on
the agenda, and then at the session of the national
committee for the electronic changeover to the year 2000.
We are combating new forms of
crime based on information technology. Such crime is
indeed developing rapidly. It calls for strengthening
international cooperation in the legal sphere. For our part,
we must better coordinate the various services working
against these crimes. To this end, Justice Minister
Elisabeth Guigou, Interior Minister Jean-Pierre Chevènement,
and myself have decided to create a central bureau to fight
computer crime within the national police administration. It
will be operational within the next few weeks.
We must also consider the
possible consequences of this type of crime for national
security. Information networks are a vital infrastructure
for our country. What they carry may be virtual in nature,
but the attacks that target them are very real indeed. That
is why I have instructed the national defence Secretariat to
study and develop awareness of this problem. Major funding
will be devoted to it; the Secretariat's budget will be
increased by nearly 20% beginning with the budget for 2000.
We are adapting our laws to
the growth of the information society. The
Administration has already prepared three major bills in
this area.
First of all, the next meeting of
the Cabinet will examine a bill adapting the laws concerning
proof to information technology and electronic signatures.
This will remove the main legal obstacles to the development
of virtual transactions.
In the same spirit, the bill
proposal prepared by Justice Minister Guigou, adapting the
European directive on the protection of personal information
and modifying the French law on freedom of information, will
be submitted in October to the national commission on
freedom of information and to the national consulting
commission on human rights. It could be debated in the
Legislature as early as the end of next winter. Its purpose
is to adapt our legislation, which dates from twenty years
ago, while maintaining protection of individual freedoms.
Finally, the broadcast law
sponsored by the Minister for Culture and Communication,
Catherine Trautmann, takes the rapid development of
information technology into consideration. The consultation
on the development of terrestrial digital broadcast
television will be complete one month from now. The purpose
of the governmental decisions which will subsequently be
made is to ensure access to true diversity of content for
the greatest possible number. The necessary legislative
measures will then be integrated into the current
broadcasting bill.
Further, the amendment proposed
by the Member of Parliament Mr. Patrick Bloche will, with
the Administration's support clarify the conditions
governing the responsibility of Internet service providers.
It will have to be carefully written to ensure that respect
of the rights of all parties is guaranteed.
Other major issues are raised by
the development of the information society, and they must be
considered in a global context. I take this opportunity
to announce that the Administration will be presenting a
bill on the information society to the Legislature early in
2000. I have asked the Minister of the Economy, Finance,
and Industry, Mr. Dominique Strauss-Kahn, to prepare this
text in close collaboration with the Minister of Justice and
the Minister for Culture and Communication. Let me highlight
here two of its aspects which I know have particular
significance for all of you.
Freedom of communication
is the foundation of the Internet, and the development of
the Internet, in turn, benefits freedom of communication. To
guarantee that this principle is followed, we must
concretely define the conditions of its application. Certain
essential decisions are the province of the law. Such is the
case, for example, of the freedom to use cryptology to
ensure the confidentiality of communication. It will also be
necessary to adapt our legislation in the area of consumer
protection, in particular in order to ensure transparency
and security of sales practices on the Internet. This will
also be an opportunity to adapt laws to provide the judicial
authorities with the legal means to fulfill their mission of
combating crime.
The network also needs an
appropriate form of regulation. Following the opinion of the
Conseil d'Etat, this Administration feels that the Internet,
by its very nature, does not lend itself to regulation by a
specific independent governmental authority. Based on
experiments that have been conducted in France and abroad,
which combine regulation with self-policing, the
Administration will propose the establishment of an entity
which will associate both private and public actors for the
purpose of developing consensus and applying a code of
ethics.
Protection of content and
copyright is the second aspect I would like to
highlight. It is natural - and even beneficial - that
intellectual works find a new arena for dissemination in
digital space. But such works are not like other
merchandise. Their creators should maintain an inviolable
tie with them once disseminated. That is why we remain
fundamentally in favour of the concept of copyright. It is a
precious guarantee for the creator whose interests it
protects, as well as for society as a whole, since it
provides a legal framework within which cultural life can
blossom. It is our Administration's wish that this guarantee
should also extend fully to the domain of the Internet.
I have heard it said that the
complex mechanisms of implementation of copyright are an
obstacle to the development of a real industry providing
French and European content. Although I am convinced of the
necessity of respecting the principle of copyright, I also
feel that we must maintain openness and flexibility to adapt
legislation in order to encourage the growth of French
content. That is why I have asked the Minister for Culture
and Communication, in collaboration with the other ministers
concerned - the Justice Minister and the Junior Minister for
Industry - to study and to gather opinions on the concept of
collective work, on the status of salaried creative
production, and in general on the conditions of the
devolution of rights within contractual frameworks. I hope
that the conclusions of that study will be submitted to me
by the end of the year.
I know that piracy of works is
among the most urgent issues. It threatens the very
existence of some French companies involved in creative
work. The solution very probably lies in the development of
technical procedures for protection against unauthorized
copying and counterfeiting. To this end, my Administration
is open to any and all solutions which could avoid serious
difficulties for French creative companies who are victims
of piracy. Extending the solutions already in use for other
media - such as audio and video cassettes - should be
seriously studied.
As part of the project for the
bill, the major choices my Administration intends to propose
to the Legislature will be presented in a policy document
which will be made public in October and opened to wider
consultation.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
You are among the most highly
motivated actors in a profound process of change which goes
far beyond the realm of technology to affect our economy,
our culture, and our entire society.
Our relationship to the space we
inhabit and to other people, the ways in which we produce as
well as consume, our habits regarding learning and leisure,
our day-to-day environment, the status of our language and
our culture in the world, our participation in the trend
towards globalization, but also our affirmation of our
identity: these are what is at stake with the mastery of
information and communication technology.
Be assured that our
Administration is at your side as we conquer this new
modernity, master it, and ensure that its fruits are shared
by all.
|
Société de
l'information : discours du Premier ministre à l'Université d'été de
la communication
Hourtin, jeudi 26 août
1999
I. L'intégralité du
discours (texte)
Mesdames et Messieurs,
Je suis très heureux de
vous rejoindre à Hourtin pour cette vingtième Université de la
communication. Deux années se sont écoulées depuis notre dernière
rencontre, ici même, le 25 août 1997. Deux années marquées, pour le
gouvernement, par une démarche volontariste en faveur des nouvelles
technologies de l'information et de la communication. Deux années
d'une profonde mutation collective : l'entrée de la France dans la
société de l'information. C'est sur le sens que je donne à ce
changement pour notre pays que je souhaiterais revenir, avant de
vous indiquer ce que sera la politique du Gouvernement pour la
période qui vient.
Il y a deux ans, vous le
savez, la France accusait un retard d'autant plus regrettable
que notre pays ne manquait ni d'idées, ni de technologies, ni
d'entrepreneurs, ni de personnels qualifiés. Télécommunications,
téléviseurs et décodeurs numériques, logiciels pédagogiques et jeux,
technologies de sécurité -comme la carte à puce-, animation et
imagerie de synthèse : la France avait des atouts à faire valoir.
Mais en même temps, les blocages étaient nombreux, les enjeux mal
perçus et la volonté politique de l'Etat absente.
Depuis deux ans, bien du
chemin aura été parcouru : aujourd'hui, les Français
s'approprient les outils de la société de l'information. Les ventes
de micro-ordinateurs ont dépassé celles des téléviseurs. Quinze
millions de Français possèdent un téléphone mobile. Même s'il
demeure un retard français en ce domaine, l'usage de l'internet a
connu dans les six derniers mois une progression spectaculaire -de
45%- qui permet d'envisager un rattrapage rapide. Le secteur des
technologies de l'information et de la communication pèse désormais
5 % du PIB national : c'est-à-dire plus que le tourisme et autant
que les secteurs de l'automobile et de l'énergie réunis. Le
dynamisme de nos entreprises dans ces secteurs leur permet d'occuper
globalement le quatrième rang mondial. Ainsi, depuis deux ans, la
France comble son retard. Dans certains domaines - l'éducation,
l'innovation technologique-, elle prend même de l'avance.
Ce sursaut n'allait pas
de soi. Il s'appuie sur la politique volontariste déployée
par le Gouvernement, politique dont j'ai ici même donné les
grandes priorités il y a deux ans et qui s'est traduite par un
ambitieux programme d'action lancé en janvier 1998. Des moyens très
importants -près de six milliards de francs- lui ont été consacrés.
L'impulsion ainsi donnée
par le Gouvernement était indispensable. L'attentisme n'était
plus de mise. S'en remettre à la seule spontanéité du marché -en
l'occurrence prise en défaut- aurait été dangereux. Il était de la
responsabilité de l'Etat de donner le signal d'un vaste mouvement
collectif.
D'abord parce qu'il
s'agit d'un secteur stratégique : l'un de ceux qui tirent la
croissance. Le centre de gravité de l'activité économique se
déplace, au point que se dessine ce que certains appellent une "
nouvelle économie ". Si la formule est peut-être excessive, elle
recouvre un changement bien réel dont le Gouvernement a pris la
mesure. Des métiers nouveaux émergent, qu'il faut apprendre à
maîtriser. Des produits et des services innovants apparaissent,
qu'il faut savoir fournir. Les fonctions de toutes les entreprises
sont amenées à évoluer, de la conception des produits jusqu'à leur
diffusion auprès du consommateur - l'essor du commerce électronique
le souligne.
La contribution à
l'emploi de ces secteurs d'activité est déterminante. C'est
l'emploi des jeunes, en particulier, qui en bénéficie. Le secteur de
l'informatique concentre ainsi le quart des cadres embauchés en
1998. Je me réjouis aussi que la France compte, en Europe, la plus
forte proportion d'internautes parmi les jeunes : outil d'ouverture
et de créativité, le réseau offre à notre jeunesse une formidable
perspective. Il suffit de constater la moyenne d'âge des créateurs
de " start-ups ", des développeurs de jeux et de services en ligne.
Par-delà cette nouvelle
donne économique, ce qui est en jeu est plus profond encore. Il
s'agit là d'un secteur qui modèle notre société. L'information
et la communication jouent un rôle croissant dans notre vie moderne
; elles participent de nos libertés. Elles doivent donc servir la
diversité culturelle et non l'amoindrir. C'est pourquoi la façon
dont sont conduits les développements de la société de l'information
est décisive : à nous de faire en sorte que l'espace de
communication qui prend forme soit démocratique, solidaire et
pluraliste.
Dans une perspective plus
large, l'impulsion donnée par le Gouvernement à ce secteur
stratégique me semble exemplaire de ce que peut être le rôle d'un
Etat moderne dans une économie de marché.
Un Etat moderne est un
Etat qui regarde loin. Un Etat qui met ses moyens au service de
l'anticipation, de la veille technologique, de la compréhension des
mouvements profonds qui façonnent le monde de demain. La recherche,
dans ce domaine, doit être prioritaire. Lors du Comité
interministériel de la recherche scientifique et technique, le 1er
juin dernier, nous avons décidé la mise en place d'un comité de
coordination des sciences et technologies de l'information et de la
communication. Celui-ci rapprochera les activités des organismes de
recherche et des établissements d'enseignement supérieur. Il
dressera un bilan et fera des propositions dès l'automne.
Cet effort d'anticipation
doit permettre à la collectivité nationale de tirer le meilleur
parti de l'excellence de notre recherche dans les télécommunications
et certains domaines informatiques pointus. Le rapport remis en juin
par M. Jean-François ABRAMATIC au secrétaire d'Etat à l'Industrie,
M. Christian PIERRET, relatif au développement technique de
l'internet, apporte déjà un éclairage précieux à cette importante
question. Nos moyens, encore trop faibles au regard de l'importance
économique de ces technologies, doivent être renforcés et mieux
orientés. Le retard français -qui est aussi un retard européen-
pourra ainsi être comblé et nous serons dans le peloton de tête pour
le développement de la deuxième génération de l'internet. Je vous
annonce que le prochain comité interministériel pour la société de
l'information, qui pourrait se tenir à la fin de l'année, sera
consacré à cet enjeu capital.
Un Etat moderne est un
Etat qui sait donner des impulsions sans se substituer aux acteurs
de la société -citoyens, associations, entreprises,
collectivités territoriales : l'Etat épaule leurs efforts, en leur
donnant les moyens d'agir par eux-mêmes. C'est ce que nous faisons,
en ce moment encore, à travers l'élaboration des contrats de plan
entre l'Etat et les régions, qui ont vocation à contribuer au
développement équilibré de ces technologies sur notre territoire.
Un Etat moderne, c'est
un Etat qui donne l'exemple. L'administration française devient
" électronique ". En janvier, nous avons publié le décret rendant
opposables à l'administration les formulaires mis en ligne. Cette
année, près d'un million de contribuables ont calculé le montant de
l'impôt sur le revenu par l'internet. Depuis le début de l'été, les
annonces de marchés publics sont disponibles sur le réseau. Nous
poursuivons ainsi dans le sens de la diffusion gratuite sur
l'internet des données publiques les plus utiles à nos concitoyens
et à nos entreprises. Et je me réjouis qu'une autre université d'été
-celle d'Amsterdam- ait classé les sites français au premier rang
des sites publics des pays de l'Union européenne.
Un Etat moderne est un
Etat qui assume ses responsabilités dans le fonctionnement d'une
économie de marché. Lui revient, en particulier, la définition
des normes applicables. C'est ce que nous avons fait. Par exemple,
en mars dernier, deux décrets ont rendu effective la décision de
relever à 128 bits le seuil de la cryptologie d'emploi libre,
préalable à la liberté complète d'utilisation, laquelle suppose une
modification législative. Ces décisions sont, vous le savez, d'une
grande importance, puisqu'elles garantissent à la fois le secret des
correspondances et la sécurité des transactions.
Un Etat moderne est un
Etat qui garantit les principes et porte les valeurs que la société
s'est choisi. Un Etat qui veille au respect, dans l'espace
numérique, de valeurs essentielles de liberté, d'égalité et de
fraternité. L'essor des technologies de l'information ne doit pas
creuser un " fossé numérique ". L'internet ne doit pas nourrir de
nouvelles inégalités dans l'accès au savoir. Il revient au service
public de veiller au développement équilibré de ces technologies sur
le territoire national et à l'égal accès de tous aux contenus
essentiels que diffusent ces réseaux. A travers l'Ecole, en
particulier, l'Etat peut prévenir " l'illectronisme ", avant qu'il
ne devienne un nouvel avatar de l'illettrisme. Nous nous en donnons
les moyens : le taux de raccordement des lycées et des collèges à
l'internet est aujourd'hui l'un des plus élevés du monde, grâce à
l'action engagée par le ministre de l'Education nationale, de la
Recherche et de la Technologie, M. Claude ALLEGRE, avec le soutien
des collectivités locales. Il s'inscrit dans une politique globale
qui a concerné autant la formation des enseignants et la production
de contenus pédagogiques multimédias que l'équipement des
établissements scolaires. Et depuis la mi-juillet, le débit de base
du réseau internet pour la recherche et l'éducation -RENATER- a été
porté à 155 mégabits par seconde.
Un internet démocratique,
c'est aussi un internet moins coûteux. La concertation sur les
conditions tarifaires d'accès à l'internet, que le Gouvernement
avait appelée de ses voeux, a porté ses fruits. Elle se traduit par
le lancement de plusieurs offres de forfaits d'accès à l'internet
par le téléphone, dont celle de France Télécom depuis le 1er août.
Les tarifs d'accès à l'internet sont désormais inférieurs en France
à ce qu'ils sont au Royaume-Uni, en Allemagne ou en Finlande. Ces
conditions favorables, conjuguées avec la multiplication des
formules d'Internet sans abonnement, la relance de l'investissement
dans les réseaux câblés et le lancement par France Télécom de
l'ADSL, encouragent le grand dynamisme du marché français de
l'internet. La consultation publique sur les conditions d'accès à la
boucle locale, lancée par l'Autorité de régulation des
télécommunications jusqu'à la fin de l'année, permettra enfin
d'éclairer utilement de futures décisions publiques.
Le bilan positif des deux
années passées nous invite à poursuivre et à intensifier notre
effort. Au-delà de ce que je vous ai déjà indiqué sur la recherche,
je voudrais évoquer devant vous plusieurs grandes orientations de
travail.
Nous préparons
activement le passage électronique à l'an 2000. Depuis 1997, le
Gouvernement met tout en oeuvre pour que nous passions sans dommage
ce cap important. Notre pays a pris ce défi au sérieux : 50.000
informaticiens travaillent sur le sujet depuis plus de dix-huit mois
et les dépenses de préparation représentent plus d'un pour-cent du
PIB français. La France compte désormais parmi les pays
industrialisés les mieux préparés. Je voudrais néanmoins mettre à
nouveau en garde ceux des responsables -notamment au sein des très
petites entreprises- qui pensent encore, à tort, ne pas être
concernés par le risque du " bogue de l'an 2000 ".
Les vérifications actuelles
s'attachent à identifier les dysfonctionnements résiduels qui
pourraient apparaître au moment du passage et dans les jours qui le
suivront. Des plans d'accompagnement -incluant des mesures de
garantie- ont été élaborés par les pouvoirs publics. Nous ferons le
point le 22 septembre prochain, d'abord au Conseil des ministres, à
l'ordre du jour duquel sera inscrit l'examen de l'état de
préparation du pays, puis lors du Comité national pour le passage
électronique à l'an 2000.
Nous luttons contre les
nouvelles formes de criminalité fondées sur les technologies de
l'information. Cette criminalité se développe en effet
rapidement. Elle appelle un renforcement de la coopération
internationale en matière judiciaire. Pour ce qui nous concerne, il
nous faut mieux coordonner les différents services qui agissent déjà
contre cette délinquance. C'est dans ce but que Mme Elisabeth
GUIGOU, ministre de la Justice, M. Jean-Pierre CHEVENEMENT, ministre
de l'Intérieur, et moi-même, avons décidé de créer au sein de la
Direction générale de la Police nationale un office central de lutte
contre la criminalité liée aux technologies de l'information. Il
sera opérationnel dans les semaines à venir.
Par ailleurs, une réflexion
s'impose sur les conséquences possibles de cette criminalité pour la
sécurité nationale. Les réseaux d'information sont en effet une
infrastructure vitale pour notre pays. Si les flux qu'ils
transportent sont immatériels, les attaques dont ils peuvent être la
cible sont, elles, bien réelles. C'est pourquoi j'ai confié au
Secrétariat général à la défense nationale une mission de réflexion
et de veille. Des moyens importants lui seront consacrés, puisque le
budget du Secrétariat sera accru de près de 20 % dès la loi de
finances 2000.
Nous adaptons notre
droit à l'essor de la société de l'information. Dans cette
perspective, le Gouvernement a déjà préparé trois textes importants.
Tout d'abord, je vous
annonce que sera présenté lors du prochain Conseil des ministres le
projet de loi portant adaptation du droit de la preuve aux
technologies de l'information et relatif à la signature
électronique. Les principaux obstacles juridiques au développement
des transactions dématérialisées pourront ainsi être levés.
Dans le même esprit,
l'avant-projet de loi préparé par la ministre de la Justice, Mme
Elisabeth GUIGOU, qui transpose la directive communautaire sur la
protection des données personnelles et qui modifie notre loi
relative à l'informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés, sera
transmis pour avis, au début du mois d'octobre, à la Commission
nationale de l'informatique et des libertés ainsi qu'à la Commission
nationale consultative des droits de l'homme. Sa discussion pourra
être engagée au Parlement dès la fin de l'hiver prochain. Il s'agira
d'adapter notre législation vieille de vingt ans en maintenant les
exigences de protection de la liberté individuelle.
Enfin, la loi sur
l'audiovisuel portée par la ministre de la Culture et de la
Communication, Mme Catherine TRAUTMANN, prend en compte l'essor des
technologies de l'information. La consultation engagée sur le
développement du numérique hertzien terrestre s'achèvera dans un
mois. Les décisions gouvernementales qui la suivront auront pour
objectif l'accès du plus grand nombre à une véritable diversité de
contenus. Les dispositions législatives nécessaires seront intégrées
à ce stade dans l'actuel projet de loi sur l'audiovisuel.
Par ailleurs, l'amendement
proposé, avec le soutien du Gouvernement, par M. Patrick BLOCHE,
député, permet de clarifier les conditions de responsabilité des
intermédiaires techniques sur l'internet. Sa rédaction devra être
précisée afin que soit bien garanti le respect des droits de chacun.
D'autres questions majeures
restent posées par le développement de la société de l'information,
qui doivent être envisagées dans leur globalité. Je vous annonce
que le Gouvernement présentera au Parlement au début de l'année 2000
un projet de loi sur la société de l'information. J'ai demandé à
M. Dominique STRAUSS KAHN, ministre de l'Economie, des Finances et
de l'Industrie, de préparer ce texte en étroite liaison avec Mme la
ministre de la Justice et Mme la ministre de la Culture et de la
communication. Je voudrais évoquer ici deux de ses aspects qui, je
le sais, sont d'une importance particulière pour vous tous.
La liberté de
communication est le fondement de l'internet, autant qu'elle
bénéficie, en retour, de son développement. Pour garantir le respect
de ce principe, nous devons en définir concrètement les conditions
d'exercice. Certaines décisions indispensables relèvent de la loi.
Il en va ainsi, par exemple, de la liberté d'user de la cryptologie
pour assurer la confidentialité des communications. Il sera
également nécessaire d'adapter notre cadre législatif en matière de
protection du consommateur, en particulier pour veiller à la
transparence et à la sécurité des pratiques commerciales sur
l'internet. Ce sera aussi l'occasion d'adapter notre droit afin de
donner à l'autorité judiciaire les moyens juridiques de remplir sa
mission de lutte contre la délinquance.
Le réseau a en outre besoin
d'une forme de régulation adaptée. Suivant en cela l'avis du Conseil
d'Etat, le Gouvernement estime que la nature même de l'internet ne
conduit pas à en confier la régulation à une autorité administrative
indépendante spécifique. S'appuyant sur les expériences déjà menées
en France et à l'étranger, qui mêlent régulation et auto-régulation,
le Gouvernement proposera la mise en place d'un organisme qui
associera, dans un but de concertation et de déontologie, acteurs
publics et privés.
La protection des
contenus et des droits des auteurs est le second aspect dont
je voudrais vous parler. Il est naturel -heureux, même- que les
oeuvres de l'esprit trouvent, dans l'espace numérique, un nouveau
champ de diffusion. Mais ces oeuvres ne sont pas des marchandises
comme les autres. Le créateur doit conserver son lien intangible
avec l'oeuvre une fois celle-ci diffusée. C'est pourquoi nous
restons fondamentalement attachés au régime du droit d'auteur.
Celui-ci est une garantie précieuse, pour le créateur dont elle
protège les intérêts, comme pour la société tout entière à qui elle
offre le cadre juridique d'un épanouissement de la vie culturelle.
Le Gouvernement souhaite que cette garantie bénéficie pleinement aux
acteurs de l'internet.
J'entends parfois dire que
les mécanismes complexes de la mise en oeuvre du régime du droit
d'auteur sont un frein au développement d'une véritable industrie de
contenus français et européens. Autant je suis convaincu qu'il ne
faut pas transiger sur les principes qui fondent ce régime, autant
je pense qu'il faut être ouvert à des adaptations ponctuelles si
celles-ci sont indispensables à l'essor des contenus français. C'est
pourquoi j'ai demandé à la ministre de la Culture et de la
Communication, en liaison avec les ministres concernés -la ministre
de la Justice et le secrétaire d'Etat à l'Industrie- de conduire une
réflexion et une concertation sur la notion d'oeuvre collective, sur
le statut de la création salariée et, de manière générale, sur les
conditions de dévolution des droits dans un cadre contractuel. Je
souhaite que les conclusions de cette réflexion me soient remises
avant la fin de l'année.
Je sais que la question du
piratage des oeuvres est une de celles qui se posent avec le plus
d'acuité. Il en va de l'existence même de certaines entreprises
françaises de création. La solution réside très probablement dans la
mise en place de procédés techniques de protection contre la copie
illicite et la contrefaçon. Dans cette attente, mon Gouvernement est
ouvert à toute solution qui permette d'éviter de graves difficultés
à des entreprises françaises créatrices de contenus victimes du
piratage. L'extension des solutions retenues pour d'autres supports
-je pense aux cassettes audio et vidéo- doit être sérieusement mise
à l'étude.
Dans le cadre de ce projet
de loi, les grands choix que le Gouvernement entend proposer au
Parlement feront l'objet d'un document d'orientation qui sera rendu
public et soumis, dès le mois d'octobre, à une large consultation.
Mesdames et Messieurs,
Vous comptez parmi les
acteurs les plus motivés d'une profonde mutation qui dépasse
largement le champ technologique pour rejaillir sur notre économie,
sur notre culture, sur notre société tout entière.
Notre rapport à l'espace et
aux autres, nos façons de produire comme de consommer, nos habitudes
de formation et de loisir, notre environnement quotidien autant que
la place de notre langue et de notre culture à travers le monde,
notre insertion dans le courant de la mondialisation, mais aussi
l'affirmation de notre identité : voilà ce qui est en jeu à travers
la maîtrise des technologies de l'information et de la
communication.
Soyez assurés que le
Gouvernement se tient à vos côtés pour conquérir cette modernité, la
maîtriser et en faire partager les fruits par le plus grand nombre.
Legge 31
luglio 1997 n° 249 Istituzione dell'Autorità per le Garanzie nelle
Comunicazioni e norme sui sistemi delle telecomunicazioni e
radiotelevisivo
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